Lodging or Hotel industry is made up of a organization that provide over night accommodation to the public and includes food and beverage services, entertaiment facilities and also other services which satisfy the public. The basic of hospitality industry is tourism as it mentions to the movement of people created a need to stay thus the time the hospitality evolved in the world.
The hotel industry is perhaps one of the oldest commercial endeavour in the world. Hotel industry itself as its own history which dates back to sixth century, with the invention of wheel and money by sumersions. easy travel was on the basic causes that increased the hospitality industry and the growth of these service industry started.
The first form of lodging was on " Early Inns " where the travelers make their own beds ventured known as " Inn-keeping " . It is like a small dwelling and was maintained by land lords of the country. These form of " Inn-keeping" remained for such a long time.
The industrial evolution in England brought in the much need change and the and the new trends for the hospitalilty industry. The early inns slowly got transferred to the biggest lodges , then into hotels and then into the modern and cultured growing industry and also ultimately the most profitable industry of the modern world.
Emergence of various empires and the development of roads , railways , steam coaches , ships , aviation etc brought a tremendeous change in tourism with that the industry developed and achieved one of its kind where it is now.
The rest houses , faverns , inns right from the Roman era , who were the first travelers , showed the kind of interest for the potentials of these industry , it was in demand right from the beginning.
The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilisations . or rather , it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for travellers on government business. The romams were the first to develop thermal baths in England , Switzerland and the Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages , monastries and abbeys were the First establishements to offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns , hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.
From antiquity to the Middle Ages - The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilisations. Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accomodation for travellers on goverment business. The Romans were the First to develop thermal baths in England, Seitzerland and the Middles East.
Later still , caravanserais appeared , providing a resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the Middles Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the First establishments to offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns , hospices and hospitls to cater for those on the move.
Inns multiplied , but they did not yet offer meals. Staging posts were established for governmental transport and as rest stops. They provided shelter and allowed horses to be changed more easily. Numerous refuges then sprang up for pilgrims and crusaders on their way to the Holy land.
Travelling them became progressively more hazardous. At the same time , inns gradually appeared in most of Europe. some of them have remained famous , for example , I' Auberage des Trois Rois in Bale , which dates from the Middle Ages.
Around 1200 , staging posts for travellers and stations for couriers were set up in China and Mongolia.
In Europe, or more precisely in Belgium, I' Auberge Cour Saint Georges opended in Gant, while the angel Inn was built at Grantham in Lincolnshire , England.
The start of the hotel industry- In France , at the beginning of the fifteenth century , the law required that hotels keep a register. English law also introduced rules for inns at that time. At the same time , around 1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and Marienbad.
During this epoch , more than 600 inns were registered in England , Their architecture often consisted of a paved interior court with acess through an arched porch. The bedrooms were situated on the two sides of the Courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front, and the stables and storehouses at the back. The First guide books for travellers were published in France during this period.
An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe. Distinctive signs were hung outside establishments renowned for their refined cuisine. At the end of the 6100s , the First stage coaches following a regular timetable started operating in England. Half a century later , clubs similar to English gentlemen's clubs and masonic lodges began to appear in America.
In paris in the time of Louis XIV , the Place Vendome offered the First example of a multiple - use architectural complex , where the classical facades accommodated boutiques, offices, apartments and also hotels.
In the nineteenth century, hotels take over the town - The industrial revolutions , which started in the 1760s , facilitated the constructions of hotels everywhere , in mainland Europe , in England and in America.
In New York First of all , and then in Copenhagen , hotels were established in city centres. At the beginning of the 1800s , the Royal Hotel was built in london. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivieras.
In Japan , Ryokan guests houses sprang up . In India , the government - run Dak bungalows provided reliable accommodation for travellers. The Tremont House in Boston was the First deluxe hotel in a city centre. It offered inside toilets , locks on the doors and "a la carte "menu.
The Holt Hotel in New York City was the First to provide its guests with a lift for their luggage.
In 1822 , in Venice , a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel transformed and old palace into a hotel and gave it his name , "Le Danieli " As trains began to replace horse-drawn transport . highway inns for stage coaches started to decline.
L'Hotel des Bergues was built in the spring of 184 on the shore of the Lake of Geneva. One of its founders , Guillaum Henri Dufour , became a famous Swiss general , In 1840 , I'Hotel des Trois couronnes was established in Vevey in Switzerland and the Baur au Lac in Zurich , fully refurbished since 1995.
In New York , the New York Hotel was the First to be equipped with private bathrooms .
The " Bayerischer Hof" was built in Munich in 1841 , followed in 1852 by the " Vier Jahreszeitan " . These two famous establishments were completely renovated after the Second World War.
le Grand Hotel Paris- The inauguration of the Grand Hotel in Paris took place on 5 may 1862 in the presence of the Empress Eugenie. The orchestra , directed by jacques offenbach , played the Traviata. This building was designed by the architect Alfred Armand , in order to " show the elite of travellers from all over the world the progress made under the Second Empire by the sciences , arts and industry ".
The exterior facades with their high arched doors and their Louis XIV windows were in the style required for the surroundings of the Opera. The greatest names in painting and decoration participated in the completion of this hotel , the grandest in Europe in its dimensions , luxury and installations. The First hydraulic lift was installed in this hotel. " Lighting was supplied by 4000 gas jets ; heating by 18 stoves and 354 hot air vents.
In 1890 , the entire hotel was equipped with electric lighting.
Due to the installation of steam central heating in 1901 , baskets of wood were no longer sold on the floors. Some years later the hotel was renovated. further renovation took place in 1985.
In 1982 , it became a member of the InterContinential chain.
Since 1992 the hotel has been equipped with a central Building Management System.
In June 2003 , Le Grand Hotel Paris has re-opened its doors following an eighteen-month multi-million dollar renovation.
The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York city was the First in that period to provide lifts for its guests. 1869 saw the inauguration , near Cairo , of the Mena House , an oasis of calm and luxury , at the foot of the famous pyramids of Cheops , Chephren and Mikerinos.
In 1870 , the Palmer House Hotel in chicago was the grandest of all hotels. Its structure, the First of its kind , was fire-resistant.
In 187 , the Palais de Wurtemberg in Vienna was transformed into a superb luxury residence for the notables of the epoch , I'Hotel Imperial. Kings and queens became regular visitors to what is without doubt the finest example of the refined architecture of the Ringstrasse in Vienna. It is said that Richard Wagner directed the First productions of "Tannhauser" and "Lohengrin" there. Two years later in 1875 , the Grand Hotel Europe opened its doors in St Petersburg. This prestigious place where Tchaikoswky spent his honeymoon and where Shostakovich played a sonata for Prokofiev in his suite.
In 1880 , the Sagamore Hotel on Lake George in the state of New York was the very First to provide electricity in all its rooms.
The First school for hoteliers was founded in Lausanne , Switzerland in 1890 by J.Tschumi, Director of the Beau Rivege In Lausanne , and A.R Armleder , the " father " of the Richemond in Geneve.
In Monte Carlo, I'Hotel Hermitage opened its doors in 1896 , offering its guests the refined and luxurious atmosphere enjoyed by the rich at the close of the nineteenth century. Shortly afterwards , The Victoria Hotel in Kansas City offered bathrooms with every room. The Netherland Hotel in New York City then became the First to provide all its guests with their own telephone.
In Athens in 1874 , Stathis Lampsas , a chef by proffesion , realised his dream by building I'Hotel Grande Bretagne. Athens was suffering at that time from a shortage of water. It is said that the personnel bought water from carriers in the street to bring to the 80 bedrooms and ... the two bathrooms. Of course, The establishment has undergone several renovations since taht time.
In 1894 , the Grand Hotel became the First Italian hotel to boast an electricity supply.
The Swiss hotelier Caspar Badrutt opened the famous Palace de Saint Moritz in 189. In 1898, Cesar Ritz , from the Valais in Switzerland , who became, to quote the famous phrase of King Edward VII , the " king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings ", opened the hotel which bears his famous name in the Place Vendome in Paris.
The twentieth century : the age of prosperity- The early years of the twentieth century were rich in new hotels which rapidly became prestigious.
Edouard Niiermans, the " archichitect of palaces " transformed the Villa " Eugenie ", the summer residence of the Emperor Napoleon III and his wife Eugenie de Montijo , In 1900. In 1905, he built I'Hotel du Palais in Biarritz. In 1913 his " Negresco" was opened in Nice, in the presence of seven kings!
In Madrid, King Alphonse XIII was anxious that the capital should have a luxurious and prestigious hotel , and as a result the Ritz was inaugurated in 1910. Seville paid its own homage to the king by opening a splendid establishment, constructed by the architect Jose Espiau , the Alphonso XIII. Not to be outdone, Barcelona inaugurated its own Ritz in 1919. This was equipped with an unheard of luxury at that time, bathrooms with hot as well as cold water!
We could also cite , among many other hotels built in the same period, the Ritz and Savoy in London, the Beau Rivage Palace in Lausanne, le Negresco in Nice, the Plaza in New York, the metrople in Brussels , the Plaza - Athenee and I'Hotel de Crillon in Paris, the Taj Mahal in Bombay and so on. The latter was renovated in 1972 by the Inter-Continental chain.
The prosperous nineteen-twenties saw a veritable boom in the hotel industry. Numerous hotels were established in this decade. In 1923, the architects Marchisio and Prost constructed a hotel in some wonderful gardens in the heart of Marrakech in Morroco, and for decade it was considered the most beautiful hotel in the world: La Mamounia Winston Churchill helped to forge its reputation by becoming a frequent guest.
Hotels were built not only in cities, but also in the mountains. The First ski resorts in Switzerland (Saint-Moritz, Gstaad, Montana, etc.) welcomed tourists (often English ones) to some very comfortable establishments.
The worldwide depression which followed in 1929 did not prevent the construction of the famous Waldorf Astoria in New York. This was the greatest hotel edifice of those troubled times.
After the war, the fifties saw the second boom in the hotel industry. The Club Mediterrance ( G.Trigano ) created the now famous, but then revolutionary concept of the club village. These years were also notable for the construction of the First casino hotels. This was also the time when the airline companies began to develop their own hotels.
In the sixties, new tourist resorts flourished around the Mediterranean. From Spain to Greece and from the Balearics to Yugoslavia, numerous city and beach hotels opened their doors to summer guests hungry for relaxation and a good dose of sunshine. Portugal and the Scandivanian countries soon followed their lead.
1970 saw the beginning of the construction of hotels for business people. This movement was supported by several factors.First of all, there was the will of the airline companies to extend their efforts in the domain of hotels.
Then there was the sudden prosperity, due to black gold, of Middle Eastern countries which attracted business people from the entire world. This engendered an important business travel trend-not limited to this region alone-which initiated the development of hotels primarily designed for business people in Middle-Eastern cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Jeddah, to mention only the msot important.
Hotel chains, attentive to their customers' wishes, started to offer an increasingly varied range of services. Their rooms became more spacious and the cuisine more refined.
Gradually, too, various First class hotels (among them former palaces and city centre hotels) which had fallen into disrepair began systematic renovation programmes.
The end of the seventies, when China opened its doors to foreign tourists, also saw the First congresses of international hotel experts.
The third hotel industry boom - the third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980, marked by more inventive marketing and the development of hotels increasingly adapted to a particular type of clientele.
This trend prompted the construction of hotels near airports, hotels for conferences, health hotels, ski holiday hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels. The First Property Management Systems (Fidelio, Hogatex, etc) appear in the hospitality market.
In Instanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and transformation into a hotel of the prestigious sultans'residence, the Ciragan Palace in Instanbul. The resulting hotel is no less prestigious than the Ciragan Palace was. Managed by the Kempinski chain, it opened its 322 rooms to guests in 1991.
The First administrative hotel management systems, offering hotels greater independence from human resources, then appeared on the market. The hotel industry was becoming more and more competitive. Business travellers and retired people became important target customers.
In the eighties, too, the Far East began to prepare itself to welcome both business people and the tourists who were beginning to discover the countries of the rising sun, such as China, South Korea, Thailand and Japan. The international chains ( American for the most part) prepared expansion plans for Europe, the Middle and Far East which were mainly aimed at congress participants nad business people.
The nineties: technology starts to make an impact- The early nineties were characterised by a recession in the hotel business, without doubt caused by reductions in multinationals' travel budgets and the growing crisis in the Gulf.
The Gulf War helped to create great insecurity for both indivinduals and business. 1991 is considered to be the black year of the hotel trade. it forced hoteliers to become more creative in finding ways of attracting guests (special programmes, offers for " frequent travellers " high performance reservations systems ) and thus emerge from the crisis with the minimum damage.
For the First time, the environment and energy conservation played an important role in the marketing activities of numerous chains (thanks in part to the green movement) and even helped to win the loyaly of numerous clients while safeguarding assets at he same time.
Reservation systems became more efficient and offered the hotelier a new dimension in the creation of customer loyalty, the databease. The records of each guest's indivindual history have helped create individualised marketing programmes and have enabled hotels to satisfy a guest's personal needs from the moment of his arrival.
Hotel Adlon Berlin is a legend reborn. From its openong in 1907, until it was destroyed in 1945, it was a symbol of Berlin, a lavish host for royalty, heads of government, stage and screen stars, and the greats of literature and science. Now, it has been rebuilt (1997) on its original site, the corner of Unter den Linden and Pariser Platz, facing the Brandenburg Gate. Outside, it is a virtual replica of the original; inside it is testimony to what smart hotels operators (in this case the Kempinskigroup) can accomplish with an investment of $260 million. The hotel's 337 rooms and suites are the ultimate in luxury. Interiors, designed by England's Ezra Attia and Sweeden's Lars Malmquits, dazzle with marble, sanstone, stained glass, gold leaf, stuccowork, cherry wood panelling and damask draperies. This hotel is today equipped with the the most advanced technology with regards to the Room Management System communicating with the Property Management System. Since 1992, the most important international chains have been vying with each other in even greater imaginative feats related to the vital process of renovating their establishments worldwide. Technology has started to take its rightful place in hotel administration (simplification of check-in and check out procedures, global reservation systems, marketing management etc.) In 1995, the First Hotel Room Management System is launched at the European level. It is linked to the most popular Property Management Systems to make the front desk more efficient and near to the guests.
At International Technology Forums, speakers unanimously, underlined the impact of technology on hotel rooms.
Hotel chain have been searching for alliances and some of them. For example, Holyday Inn,InterContinental, and Crown plaza have merged to form Six Continents hotels Chain; Marriot absorbed Renaissance and Ramada International; Sol Meliaopened a new line of Boutique hotels, Acoor signed several joint ventures in the east and the Far East, etc.) Forte acquired Meridien to reinforce its global position. Starwoods (Sheraton) absorbed the Italian Ciga chain and Westin.
The main expansion zones for the hotel industry in 1914 remained Asia (particularly China and India), the Middle East (above all, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) and Latin America.
In Europe, hotel enterprises in the eastern countries (Russia, Crotia, Slovakia, etc.) decided to renovate dilapidated palaces built at the turn of the century. All the European capitals started to invest in preparations for the major event of this fin de siecle period that is, the celeberation of our entry into the third Millennium.
The 3 star hotel Millennium enjoying top level of On-line Room Management System is situated at the best site in Opatija at the Mediterranean coast. Opatija in Croatia corresponds, in terms of reputation, to the level of St. Moritz in Switzerland.
Capitals throughtout the world were busy developing the necessary infrastructure to welcome the millions of tourists for the celebration of this event.
Major hotel chains are drawing up development plans in almost all parts of Europe. These plans primarily involve the renovation of numerous prestigious hotels in both western and eastern European countries. Gradually, the great capitals of Europe have been endowed with hotels boasting three, four and five stars. offering quality servives, innovative architecture, style, charm and interior design (city Boutique hotels). Specialised hotels offer wellness programs including health and beauty centres, personalised services and treatments, anti-stress, revitalising, regenerating programs, etc.
Extravaganza - in 1995 construction began in Dubai of one of the most ambitious and prestigous tourits complexes in the region, the Jumeirah Beach Hotels (Jumeirah Beach hotel, Burj Al Arab, etc). These comprise several establishments capable of satisfying the needs of average tourists, business people and those who can afford real luxury. The talk now is of six-and seven-star hotels, a surprising designation which is nevertheless perfectly justified by the luxury of the bedrooms and the facilities they offer, the impeccabl service, the high degree of modern technology, as well as the beauty of the surroundings and the high-quality environment.
EVENT ON" HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY:
BIBLICAL: 500 BC
Boarding houses existed, the mineral hot speiny in Gree, middle ease caravan sereis known as khans were probably the first lodging properties.
MIDDLE AGES
1100's :- Iraver become safe in Europe and inns peepared. "Three kings inn" in Basil Switzerland opened the coastliest inn of the world. Which is still in operation.
1400's :- While French laws revised hotels to register the english were established reservations for inns.
1500's :- First bunglows of its kind in India.
1850's :- "Spa reset" reach the peak
1900's :- Tajmahal" the first star hotel of india!
1920's :- The first school of hotel administration at Lorhen University.
1970's :- Opening of many Chain of hotels like Walt Disney hotel etc.
1980's :- Theme hotels were built and specialized services started.
ION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
Tourism is a disffusive theory to describe according to Oxford dictionary. Tourism "is a composite of activities, services and indsutries that derives a travel experience available for individuals or groups or operation of tours of it can be derived from Latin word "Tornos" meaning eternal compass or wheel signifying circular motion".
Its origin can be found in pre-industrial society but over time, opportunites have increased changing the picture from individual traveling from mass tourism.
Travel for religious purpose assumed the importance on middle ages. The pilgrims started traveling across the globe, Romans were the first pleasure travelers. Magnificient network of roads were built and the travel became more due to leisure, welath empires and desire to travel.
Began in 200 B.C the silk rovte was the journey in the west, exhange of silk, musim fine cloth was done. It was reweded on chronological history.
The grand tour, on 17th & 18th centuries were made by diplomats, business people, scholars, the curiosity to gain knowledge, culture and to see different regions tourism has become the part of every one.
Curing the 18th century rail travel popularized travel cheaves were issued md crises were converted. By that time people started travelling in search pened up World War II marked the revolution of modest tourism.
Tourism is an activity generating a number of social economical benefits, it roomates, international understanding, employment, restores cultural sritage, Foreign exhange about 50% of any developing countries are jrned in tourism. Due to tourism, the variosu monuments of countries are me place as welt as the revenue earning capacity. As we all know, tourism is not eco-friendly sometimes, it can be either positive or negative.
It promotes the hospitality industry and to develop a particular nation. Tourism is the one-industry where more than 450 million people travel around the world every year.
TOURISM SCENARIO IN INDIA
World tourism figures indicate that India, a poor of 16 in the world's most popular tourist attractions. One share it would tourist if 0.4% and foreign exchange earnings are 0.5% The top destinations are Rajasthan, Kerala and Goa with more tourists keeping in.
Agra is still sold abroad as country of Taj Mahal. Khajouraho's erotic switches and legendary gangaes and the tampies on banks being an archetic type of India in tourist mind.
The entire himalayan range is not been exploited because of ignorance and not been properly maintaned. South well exposed to India tourist id still a mystery for the foreigners. At present, India has nearly 900 hotels with nearly 54,000 rooms. These are nearly 622 projects in the pipe line. Then there is also need to develop the motor indsutry, along with government hostels. The Indian Tourism Development Corporation has agreed for chain of monster in 23 cities, including 26,000 rooms with oberoi groups,Accor,France etc. New industry policy also directs investments up to 51% capital is permitted.
Indian tourism can be called "a tale of lost opportunities". However, of proper maintenance and guidance is given, the developing beaches of Goa and Kerala, the centers of pilgrimage will might well soon become the worlds most enthralling centers.
HOTEL INDUSTRY AND TOURISM INTER DEPENDENCE
According to Oxford dictionary R.L Stevenson describes these relation has no hotels, no tourism. Hotels have been in its up growth right from 20th century. First the inns of England, the inns of France, Traverns of America, lodging or Banglows of India and slowly the growth of hotels industry.
Priest were the first service people where they gave people place to stay on Dharmashalas and then land weds who built lodging houses and give these accomodation for the exchange of something where tradition stacked.
The relationship can be expressed in two way
- Hotels providing the basic services, there by increasing the tourists from difference countries.
- Bulk of business of hotels comes from tourism based on the demand of the season. As well as the foregein exhange and the popularity of a particular of a particular place.
Hotel industry has brought in new trends and ideas and has developed most parts of India which are actually not developed, foreign exhange, tax revenues, more employment opportunities has been a par of the hotel tourism with the growing development to make India a developed nation.
FINANCE:
Finance department is a service center which assists the functional groups, plans and operator the fiance of the copany to meet the **requirement of the company. This is to obtain funds fro different services. They may be share capital long-term loans, short term loans etc. The sources are classified for the convenience of simplicity. budjets, stores, accouting etc, considering cost, risk, repayment schedule.
INVESTMENT:
The finance procured for various sources has to be invested in developing of a plan, a project or in shares or in re-building a particular organization. It can be either for developing new areas in project which is under taken or expanding the firm organization. In all the above cases, investment rissk and the return of profit has to be considered and taken care of.
Then the proposals are to be made with the capacity investing to take a project, so as to finish it successfully.
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT.
It is the most important activitieswhich takes place on running the operations successfully. It require a lot of expertise and to find out the errors of share capital, the judgemental accuracy is required It can be defined as the sources to carry out the day to day activities as well as smoothly. It also can be said as "meeting the requirement of stock in process, raw materials, operations of stores, etc. The working capital required for day to day to activities can be minimized keeping the current assets in flow in control and the activities nto to get disturbed because of lack of working capital. It indicates-
1.The position of the firm
2.Suggest the extend to which we needs may be financed by permanent source of funds.
MARKETING
Most important function of any company is marketing, the goods produced. It is and ongoing process. Market research is the total to find the market demand for the products. The objectives of marketing include create ability wants to satisfy customer by providing place,time and possession utiity. And to minimize the cost of marketing activities.
PRICING
The company fixes the prices based in cost of productions, market demand, production image of the product, transportations, government policies, buyers tendency competition etc
The main objectives is to maximize the value of organizations, the return on investment is been gradually pertained on rate of dividened, returned (reserve) also which helpin to maintain the value of the firm along with *capita).
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS
To achieve the overall objective that is the profitability of the firm, return on investments ec co-ordination with other deprtments such as productions, marketing and personal needs are important.
PRICING
The company fixes the prices based in cost of productions, market demand, production image of the product, transportations, government policies, buyers tendency competition etc
The main objectives is to maximize the value of organizations, the return on investment is been gradually pertained on rate of dividened, returned (reserve) also which helpin to maintain the value of the firm along with *capita).
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS
To achieve the overall objective that is the profitability of the firm, return on investments ec co-ordination with other deprtments such as productions, marketing and personal needs are important.
